Agency Spending: FY 2019 vs FY 2025
Net outlays by federal agency at the end of FY 2019 and FY 2025. Sourced from the Treasury Monthly Treasury Statement, the official fiscal-year closeout report. Both nominal and inflation-adjusted (CPI-U) comparisons.
This dashboard compares net outlays for every top-level federal agency at the close of FY 2019 and FY 2025 — which agencies grew, by how much, and how much of that growth survives adjustment for CPI-U inflation. It matters because agency-level totals are where budget debates get concrete: Health and Human Services, Social Security, and the Treasury's debt-interest payments dominate the ledger, not the agencies that make headlines. Every figure comes from the U.S. Treasury's September Monthly Treasury Statements, the official fiscal-year closeout reports.
Agency outlays — headline figures
Outlays by Agency — FY 2019 vs FY 2025
Top 15 agencies by FY 2025 spend — sorted descending. Hover a bar to see exact dollars.
- FY 2019 Outlays
- FY 2025 Outlays
Agency outlays — full table
Click a column heading to sort. Negative values are accounting offsets (offsetting receipts).
| # | Agency | FY 2019 | FY 2025 | Change ($) | Change (%) | Change (2025 $) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Department of Health and Human Services | $1.21T | $1.88T | +$670.47B | +55.2% | +$357.31B |
| 2 | Social Security Administration | $1.10T | $1.65T | +$544.68B | +49.4% | +$260.41B |
| 3 | Department of the Treasury | $689.5B | $1.46T | +$769.41B | +111.6% | +$591.52B |
| 4 | Department of Defense | $654.0B | $868.4B | +$214.43B | +32.8% | +$45.71B |
| 5 | Department of Veterans Affairs | $199.6B | $376.6B | +$177.02B | +88.7% | +$125.53B |
| 6 | Department of Agriculture | $150.1B | $227.4B | +$77.31B | +51.5% | +$38.58B |
| 7 | Office of Personnel Management | $103.1B | $128.2B | +$25.10B | +24.3% | -$1.51B |
| 8 | Department of Transportation | $80.7B | $127.6B | +$46.87B | +58.1% | +$26.04B |
| 9 | Department of Homeland Security | $56.3B | $115.3B | +$58.98B | +104.7% | +$44.45B |
| 10 | Other Defense Civil Programs | $60.9B | $76.5B | +$15.56B | +25.5% | -$163.64M |
| 11 | Department of Energy | $28.9B | $52.3B | +$23.36B | +80.7% | +$15.89B |
| 12 | Department of Housing and Urban Development | $29.2B | $50.5B | +$21.34B | +73.1% | +$13.81B |
| 13 | Department of Labor | $35.8B | $50.4B | +$14.57B | +40.7% | +$5.33B |
| 14 | Department of Justice | $35.1B | $44.9B | +$9.84B | +28.0% | +$783.06M |
| 15 | Environmental Protection Agency | $8.1B | $37.0B | +$28.91B | +358.5% | +$26.83B |
| 16 | Department of Education | $104.4B | $34.7B | -$69.65B | -66.7% | -$96.57B |
| 17 | Department of Commerce | $11.3B | $29.7B | +$18.39B | +162.4% | +$15.47B |
| 18 | Department of State | $28.0B | $28.4B | +$362.31M | +1.3% | -$6.86B |
| 19 | National Aeronautics and Space Administration | $20.2B | $24.6B | +$4.40B | +21.8% | -$809.02M |
| 20 | Department of the Interior | $13.9B | $22.4B | +$8.50B | +61.1% | +$4.91B |
| 21 | International Assistance Programs | $23.6B | $17.3B | -$6.28B | -26.6% | -$12.37B |
| 22 | Corps of Engineers | $6.5B | $12.1B | +$5.67B | +87.9% | +$4.00B |
| 23 | National Science Foundation | $7.3B | $9.9B | +$2.69B | +37.1% | +$822.09M |
| 24 | Judicial Branch | $8.0B | $9.8B | +$1.80B | +22.6% | -$253.38M |
| 25 | Legislative Branch | $5.0B | $7.2B | +$2.28B | +45.9% | +$997.06M |
| 26 | Independent Agencies | $19.6B | $6.8B | -$12.82B | -65.4% | -$17.88B |
| 27 | Small Business Administration | $456M | $837M | +$380.71M | +83.5% | +$263.07M |
| 28 | General Services Administration | -$1.1B | -$375M | +$726.45M | — | +$1.01B |
| 29 | Executive Office of the President | $422M | -$508M | -$930.48M | -220.5% | -$1.04B |
| 30 | Undistributed Offsetting Receipts | -$247.8B | -$337.8B | -$89.98B | — | -$26.05B |
Biggest nominal increases
- Environmental Protection Agency+359% ($28.9B)
- Department of Commerce+162% ($18.4B)
- Department of the Treasury+112% ($769.4B)
- Department of Homeland Security+105% ($59.0B)
- Department of Veterans Affairs+89% ($177.0B)
Smallest nominal increases
- Executive Office of the President-220% (-$930.5M)
- Department of Education-67% (-$69.6B)
- Independent Agencies-65% (-$12.8B)
- International Assistance Programs-27% (-$6.3B)
- Department of State+1% ($362.3M)
Compare agencies over time — FY 2015 to FY 2026
Pick up to 4 agencies to chart annual net outlays. Switch to indexed mode when comparing agencies of wildly different scales.
- Department of Health and Human Services
- Social Security Administration
- Department of the Treasury
How to read this dashboard
The figures here are net outlays by agency — the official Treasury reporting unit, equal to cash disbursements minus any offsetting receipts that agency collects. They come from Table 5 of the September 2025 Monthly Treasury Statement (the final report of the fiscal year) and the corresponding September 2019 MTS. FY 2025 figures are exact to the penny; FY 2019 figures were published rounded to millions.
Two rows carry negative values because the MTS reports net outlays — General Services Administration collects more in reimbursable activity than it spends, and Undistributed Offsetting Receipts is an accounting bucket for agency collections that can't be tied to a specific outlay line. Both are kept in the table so the totals reconcile with the Treasury's top-line reported outlays of $4.447 trillion (FY 2019) and $7.010 trillion (FY 2025).
The "Change (2025 $)" column deflates FY 2019 spending by cumulative CPI-U inflation between the two fiscal years (about 25.8%) before computing the dollar change, so the comparison reflects purchasing power rather than nominal dollars. A positive real change means spending grew faster than consumer prices; a negative real change means spending shrank after inflation.
How much of this spending is your share?
Use the per-American spending calculator to see the annual dollar amount attributable to you and your household, broken down by agency.
Key Terms
Frequently asked questions
Which federal agency spends the most?
The Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) has been the largest federal agency by outlays for over a decade, driven mostly by Medicare and Medicaid. HHS spent $1.88 trillion in FY 2025, ahead of the Social Security Administration ($1.65 trillion) and the Treasury ($1.46 trillion, most of which is interest on the national debt). The Department of Defense is the fourth largest at $868 billion.
How much did federal agency spending grow from FY 2019 to FY 2025?
Total net outlays grew from $4.45 trillion in FY 2019 to $7.01 trillion in FY 2025 — a 57.6% nominal increase over six fiscal years. CPI-U rose roughly 25.8% over the same period, so real (inflation-adjusted) spending growth was about 25% — still a substantial increase beyond what price levels would explain. Treasury debt service and HHS account for a large share of the dollar increase.
Why does the Department of the Treasury spend over a trillion dollars?
Treasury outlays are dominated by net interest on the federal debt, which the Treasury pays to bondholders as a gross cash outlay. Net interest rose from about $376 billion in FY 2019 to $970 billion in FY 2025 as the national debt grew and interest rates rose, pushing Treasury outlays from $689 billion to $1.46 trillion. The remainder is IRS operations, tax-refund payments, and various Treasury-managed programs.
Why do some agencies show negative outlays?
The Treasury reports net outlays, which subtract each agency's offsetting collections from its gross disbursements. The General Services Administration (GSA) collects more from its reimbursable-services fund than it spends, so its net outlay is negative. 'Undistributed Offsetting Receipts' is an accounting bucket for government-wide collections — mostly from federal employee retirement contributions, oil and gas lease royalties, and Medicare premium collections — that can't be tied to a specific agency's outlay line. Both are kept in the table so the totals reconcile with the Treasury's top-line published figure.
Where does this data come from?
Directly from the U.S. Treasury's Monthly Treasury Statement (MTS) for September 2019 and September 2025 — the final MTS of each fiscal year, which closes the books on full-year receipts and outlays by agency. The MTS is the authoritative source for federal cash-basis spending; the same figures appear in the President's Budget and in doge.gov's spending display. CPI-U inflation figures for the real-dollar comparison come from the Bureau of Labor Statistics.